First Morpho-Functional Assessment of Immature Stages of Pelecocera Species (Diptera: Syrphidae) Feeding on False Truffles.

With 14 species, Pelecocera Meigen, 1822 is a scarce and small genus of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae: Rhingiini) from the Holarctic Region. Apart from the finding of larvae of Pelecocera (Chamaesyrphus) japonica (Shiraki, 1956) in fungi in Japan, the larval biology of these hoverflies is virtually unknown. The early stages of all Pelecocera species are undescribed. The adults of Pelecocera (Pelecocera) tricincta Meigen, 1822 and Pelecocera (Chamaesyrphus) lugubris Perris, 1839 are found in Palearctic conifer forests with sand dunes. We here report the first morphological evidence of the immature stages of Pelecocera (P. lugubris and P. tricincta), as well as specific data on their breeding sites. Larvae of both species were collected feeding on the hypogean basidiomycete Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. & Nordholm, 1817 in Denmark in 2021. The first larval stage and second larval stage of P. tricincta, the third larval stage of P. lugubris, the anterior respiratory process, and the posterior respiratory process of the puparia of these two species were analyzed and studied using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope techniques. The chaetotaxy of the puparium of each species is also described and illustrated. A taxonomic diagnosis of the larvae of the genus Pelecocera is proposed to separate them from the larvae of other genera of the tribe.

Combined stereomicroscope and SEM disentangle the fine morphology of the undescribed larva and puparium of the hoverfly Milesia crabroniformis (Fabricius, 1775) (Diptera: Syrphidae).

With over 80 species, Milesia Latreille, 1804 is a hoverfly genus (Diptera: Syrphidae) found in all continents except for Australia and the Antarctica. However, little is known about its life cycle and biology. The three Milesia species for which early stages are known have saproxylic larvae, suggesting that the larvae of all other Milesia species are also saproxylic. The early stages of the three Milesia species occurring in Europe are undescribed. Milesia crabroniformis (Fabricius, 1775), a mimic of the hornet Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758, is the largest hoverfly in Europe and is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN European Red List of Hoverflies. We here report the first early stages of Milesia ever found in Europe, describing them and their breeding sites. Larvae of M. crabroniformis were collected in water-filled tree holes of live chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Málaga, Southern Spain in 2020-2021. Various studies based on stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques have proven useful in diagnosing hoverfly early stages by observation of their fine morphology. Thus, these techniques were also used here to characterize the second (L2) and third (L3) stage larvae of M. crabroniformis, as well as the puparium. A Leica M205C binocular stereomicroscope and a Jeol JSM-ITH500HR SEM were used. The head skeleton and chaetotaxy of the L3 larva were described and illustrated. Adjustments to the diagnosis of the larvae of Milesia are proposed based on the number of hooks from the primary row of the main group of hooks. The new early stages are compared with those of other Milesia hoverflies, as well as with those of the sister group Spilomyia Meigen, 1803. The knowledge of the larval biology and breeding sites of saproxylic insects is useful for implementing forest management measures and species' conservation programs.

Effect of UV-Absorbing Nets on the Performance of the Aphid Predator Sphaerophoria Rueppellii (Diptera: Syrphidae).

Photoselective nets have proven to be effective for aphid pest control as they limit their dispersal ability. However, little is known on the impact of such nets on natural enemies of aphids. In this work, we study the effect of UV-absorbing nets on the syrphid fly Sphaerophoria rueppellii Wiedemann (Diptera: Syrphidae), a commercially available aphid biocontrol agent in Mediterranean horticultural crops. First, we released mature syrphid adults and evaluated density and dispersal of the resulting immatures in a turnip crop grown under either UV-blocking (Bionet) or standard net. Second, we assessed, under controlled conditions, the impact of UV radiation on fitness-related parameters, and on flight behavior of S. rueppellii adults. Results showed that, while syprhid immature density was higher, their dispersion was reduced under Bionet. UV-absorbing nets are known to influence the dispersion pattern of aphids, which may have indirectly conditioned the distribution of their predator S. rueppellii. On the other hand, the type of net had no influence on the performance of adults. We conclude that the use of photoselective nets and the release of syrphid predators such S. rueppellii are compatible strategies to be used in IPM aphid-control programs.

Olfactory Response of the Predatory Bug Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) to the Aggregation Pheromone of Its Prey, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Herbivore natural enemies base their foraging decision on information cues from different trophic levels but mainly from plant odors. However, the second trophic level (i.e., the herbivorous prey) may also provide reliable infochemical cues for their natural enemies. We have evaluated the role of the aggregation pheromone from Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) as a potential kairomone for its natural enemy, the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Fieber). For this purpose, we have analyzed the response of O. laevigatus to (R)-lavandulyl acetate and neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate, the two major components of the thrips aggregation pheromone. These compounds have been offered to O. laevigatus adult females and nymphs of the predatory bugs both in separate and as specific (1:1 or 1:2.3) blends, in experiments involving a dual choice Y-tube olfactometer. None of the compounds attracted adults or nymphs when they were individually supplied. Conversely, they were significantly attracted to both adults and nymphs when offered as a blend. A 1:2.3 (R)-lavandulyl acetate:neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate blend was attractive to both nymphs and adults, while a 1:1 blend elicited response only in nymphs. These results suggest that specific blends of these compounds from the aggregation pheromone may be used as an attractant to O. laevigatus. The results of this work highlight the importance of studying olfactory responses of natural enemies for a better understanding of their foraging behavior. Potential uses of these results in future studies are discussed.

A checklist of the Syrphidae (Diptera) of Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar.

Hoverflies are relevant to pollination, predation, phytophagy and decomposition processes and they are also used as bioindicators. The numerous recent advances in the study of Spanish hoverflies and the absence of species lists for the Spanish provinces prompted us to update the national catalogue and fill in the gap at the provincial level. Andorra and Gibraltar are also included in this review. A total of 421 species of 72 genera are included in the present catalogue (417 species in Spain; 86 in Andorra; 43 in Gibraltar). León (182 spp), Salamanca (143 spp), Madrid (134 spp), Ciudad Real (124 spp) and Huesca (121 spp) are the Spanish provinces with the highest numbers of species recorded. The Balearic Islands have 81 species and the Canary Islands 41, with one and 11 endemic species respectively. The richest hoverfly genera in Spain are Cheilosia (56 spp), Merodon (40 spp plus 1 sp from Gibraltar) and Eumerus (38 spp plus 1 sp from Gibraltar), all of them being Eristalinae; within the Syrphinae, Paragus is the richest genus (18 spp). The possibility of elaborating regional (provincial) species lists from the information provided in the present study also contributes to 'Syrph the Net, the database of European Syrphidae' as a tool for assessment of habitat conservation in Spain.

Bacteria and Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Tree Hollows From the Iberian Mediterranean Forest.

Saproxylic insect communities inhabiting tree hollows in Mediterranean forests depend on a combination of physical characteristics and interactions occurring between community member species. Despite the need to preserve these organisms, little is known about their interrelationships, in particular those relationships between saproxylic insects and microbiota occurring in these microhabitats. In tree hollows of Quercus rotundifolia Lamark that hold water and contain dead leaves, abundant microbial populations can be found. Developing on them are the larvae of Mallota dusmeti Andréu, 1926 (Diptera: Syrphidae), a vulnerable species (IUCN category: Marcos-García and Quinto 2011). This study provides the first data on the microbiota living inside the gut of the larvae of M. dusmeti, as well as the microbiota in the hollow where these larvae develop. Bacteria were identified by amplification and partial sequencing of the V1-V3 regions and the complete nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA genes. We found eight species of bacteria living in tree hollows and three species in the gut of M. dusmeti larvae: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus toyonensis, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus. The filter-feeding mechanism characteristic of M. dusmeti larvae is selective in enabling ingestion of bacteria only above 2.1 µm in diameter.

Neotropical Copestylum Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) Breeding in Fruits and Flowers, Including 7 New Species.

Ten species of Copestylum (Diptera: Syrphidae) were reared from fruits and flowers in Costa Rica, Ecuador and Trinidad. Seven were new and in this paper, we describe them, their development sites and the third stage larva and/or the puparium of all ten species. One new synonym is proposed, Copestylum pinkusi (Curran) [= Copestylum cinctiventre (Curran)]. Similarities and differences between these new and other Copestylum species, suggest they separate into two groups, referred to as the Vagum and Cinctiventre species groups. Features characterising these groups for both adult and early stages are assessed. Each species was also distinguished using adult and early stage characters. Within the Vagum group, adults were more disparate morphologically than the larval stage; this was reversed in the Cinctiventre group. Adult colour patterns are probably cryptic in function and for disguise. Vagum species have disruptive marks, while the Cinctiventre species have reflective colours. Biologically, the groups are almost distinguished by larval development sites. Vagum species use predominantly fruits and have a larval stage that is relatively generalised in form and habit. Cinctiventre species are confined to developing in flowers and the larva is more specialised. A key to both adult and early stages of all ten species is provided.

A Differential Role of Volatiles from Conspecific and Heterospecific Competitors in the Selection of Oviposition Sites by the Aphidophagous Hoverfly Sphaerophoria rueppellii.

The selection of oviposition sites by syrphids and other aphidophagous insects is influenced by the presence of con- and heterospecific competitors. Chemical cues play a role in this selection process, some of them being volatile semiochemicals. Yet, little is known about the identity and specificity of chemical signals that are involved in the searching behavior of these predators. In this study, we used olfactometer bioassays to explore the olfactory responses of gravid females and larvae of the syrphid Sphaerophoria rueppellii, focussing on volatiles from conspecific immature stages, as well as odors from immature stages of the competing coccinellid Adalia bipunctata. In addition, a multiple-choice oviposition experiment was conducted to study if females respond differently when they can also sense their competitors through visual or tactile cues. Results showed that volatiles from plants and aphids did not affect the behavior of second-instars, whereas adult females strongly preferred odors from aphid colonies without competitors. Odors from conspecific immature stages had a repellent effect on S. rueppellii adult females, whereas their choices were not affected by volatiles coming from immature heterospecific A. bipunctata. The results imply that the syrphid uses odors to avoid sites that are already occupied by conspecifics. They did not avoid the odor of the heterospecific competitor, although in close vicinity they were found to avoid laying eggs on leaves that had traces of the coccinellid. Apparently adult syrphids do not rely greatly on volatile semiochemicals to detect the coccinellid, but rather use other stimuli at close range (e. g., visual or non-volatile compounds) to avoid this competitor.

Facilitation among saproxylic insects inhabiting tree hollows in a Mediterranean forest: the case of cetonids (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae).

Tree hollows offer an ideal niche for saproxylic insects in mature Mediterranean forests, where Diptera and Coleoptera are the richest groups. Co-occurrence is frequently observed among many species of both groups in these microhabitats, and some of these species have been considered to facilitate the presence of other species by acting as ecosystem engineers. One of the systems that is found in Mediterranean tree hollows is formed by cetonid (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and syrphid (Diptera: Syrphidae) larvae. Here, cetonid larvae feed on wood and litter and produce a substrate that is easier to decompose. To assess the possible role of these larvae as facilitating agents for the saproxylic guild, we studied whether the presence of saprophagous Syrphidae inside tree hollows is associated with the activity of cetonid larvae. Furthermore, in laboratory conditions, we tested whether cetonid larvae activity can improve the development and fitness of the saprophagous syrphid species. Our results show that "cetonid activity" was the variable that best explained the presence of saprophagous syrphid species in natural conditions. Myathropa florea (L., 1758) was one of the species most influenced by this activity. The laboratory experiment gave similar results, demonstrating that an enriched substrate with Cetonia aurataeformis Curti, 1913 larval feces improves syrphid larval growth rate and fitness of adults (measured as longer wing length) of M. florea.

Sampling methods for assessing syrphid biodiversity (Diptera: Syrphidae) in tropical forests.

When assessing the species richness of a taxonomic group in a specific area, the choice of sampling method is critical. In this study, the effectiveness of three methods for sampling syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) in tropical forests is compared: Malaise trapping, collecting adults with an entomological net, and collecting and rearing immatures. Surveys were made from 2008 to 2011 in six tropical forest sites in Costa Rica. The results revealed significant differences in the composition and richness of syrphid faunas obtained by each method. Collecting immatures was the most successful method based on numbers of species and individuals, whereas Malaise trapping was the least effective. This pattern of sampling effectiveness was independent of syrphid trophic or functional group and annual season. An advantage of collecting immatures over collecting adults is the quality and quantity of associated biological data obtained by the former method. However, complementarity between results of collecting adults and collecting immatures, showed that a combined sampling regime obtained the most complete inventory. Differences between these results and similar studies in more open Mediterranean habitats, suggest that for effective inventory, it is important to consider the effects of environmental characteristics on the catchability of syrphids as much as the costs and benefits of different sampling techniques.

Antipredator behaviour of Myzus persicae affects transmission efficiency of Broad bean wilt virus 1.

Biological control has the potential to limit the population growth of arthropod vectors and consequently may be expected to reduce plant virus spread in a crop. However, reduction of vector abundance is not the only effect of biological control. Natural enemies might induce antipredator behaviour that affects feeding and dispersal of vectors, and therefore virus spread. Here we test the effect of two natural enemies on dispersal of the aphid vector Myzus persicae and transmission of Broad bean wilt virus 1 (BBWV-1), genus Fabavirus, which is non-persistently transmitted by aphids. One of the predators tested, the syrphid Sphaerophoria rueppellii, is considered to induce low disturbance in aphid colonies, whereas the other, the coccinellid Adalia bipunctata, is assumed to induce high disturbance. Natural enemies enhanced aphid dispersal, but not virus transmission as compared to the control treatment without predators. However, transmission efficiency of BBWV-1 was higher in the presence of coccinellid adults than with syrphids. The behavioural observations of predators and the reactions of aphids to their presence indicate that a stronger antipredator behaviour is induced by coccinellid adults than by syrphids. The different antipredator behaviour displayed by aphids towards coccinellid adults and syrphids might explain the differences found in the rate of virus spread in their presence.

[Treatment of the benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) by Epley maneuver]. / Tratamiento del vértigo posicional paroxístico benigno (VPPB) mediante la maniobra de epley.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common of the peripheral vertigo. We report the case of a 45 years old female with that pathology suspected by the symptoms which the patient related to head changes of positions and movements. Her diagnosis was confirmed by the maneuver of Dix-Hallpike, that was positive, and the treatment consisted in a maneuver of canalicular reposition according to Epley's technique. Such maneuver was successful and actually the patient is without symptoms after more than 2 years since the first episode. Finally we have performed a bibliographic review to verify the effectiveness of that treatment.

Tratamiento del vértigo posicional paroxístico benigno (VPPB) mediante la maniobra de Epley / Treatment of the benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) by Epley maneuver

El vértigo posicional paroxístico benigno (V.P.P.B) es el más común de los v´rtigos periféricos. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 45 años con esta patología sospechada en base a la clínica que la paciente relacionaba con movimientos y cambios cefálicos. El diagnóstico fue confirmado con la maniobra de Dix-Hallpike, que fue positiva , y el tratamiento consistió en la maniobra de reposición canalicular según técnica de Epley. Dicha maniobra fue efectiva y actualmente la paciente se encuentra asintomática tras más de 2 años desde el primer episodio, Se realiza finalmente una revisión bibliográfica para comprobar la efectividad de este tratamiento

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common of the peripheral vertigo. We report the case of a 45 years old female with that pathology suspected by the symptoms which the patient related to head changes of positions and movements. Her diagnosis was confirmed by the maneuver of Dix-Hallpike, that was positive, and the treatment consisted in a maneuver of canalicular reposition according to Epley's technique. Such maneuver was successful and actually the patient is without symptoms after more than 2 years since the first episode. Finally we have performed a bibliographic review to verify the effectiveness of that treatment

[Plaut-Vincent's acute necrotizing ulcerative fusospirillum tonsillitis associated to infectious mononucleosis]. / Amigdalitis aguda ulceronecrótica fusoespirilar de Plaut-Vincent asociada a mononucleosis infecciosa.

We report the case of a 14 years old girl patient with recurrent tonsillitis who had been diagnosed and admitted previously with Plaut-Vincent's angina. Six weeks after leaving the hospital she was assited in Emergencies by an infectious mononucleosis associated to unilateral tonsillar necrotizing ulceration from which a sample was taken to microbiological exam finding the fusospirochaetal complex Borrelia vincenti and Fusobacterium necrophorum. A literature review at the respect of such association and its treatment is performed.

[Bogorad syndrome or crocodile tears after Ramsay-Hunt]. / Síndrome de Bogorad o lágrimas de cocodrilo tras Ramsay-Hunt.

Crocodile tears or Bogorad Syndrome describes a complication or sequel after facial palsy with incomplete recovery characterized by an excessive hyperlacrimation during the food ingestion. We report the case of a 50 years old female with that pathology associated to facial syncinesias secondary to suffer a right Ramsay-Hunt syndrome. Its pathogenesis and different treatment modalities are analysed.

[Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx-hypopharynx. A case report and review of the literature]. / Carcinoma adenoide quístico de laringe-hipofaringe. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Laryngeal or hypopharyngeal localization of adenoid cystic carcinoma is rare due to the poor distribution of the accesory salivary glands in this area. We report one case of such neoplasm on that area, with its diagnosis confirmed histologically. The required a total laryngectomy with later reoperations because of hemorrhage and pharyngeal fistula. One year after the surgery and in spite of postoperative radiotherapy multiple pulmonary metastasis were detected causing the death of the patient. We review the literature of this tumor whose prognosis is much worse than epidermoid or scamous carcinoma.

[Diffuse sclerosing papillary carcinoma mimicking chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. A unusual neoplasm variant]. / Carcinoma papilar esclerosante difuso simulando tiroiditis crónica linfocitaria. Una variante neoplásica inusual.

We report the clinical case of a 39 years old female diagnosed as a chronic lymphocytic tiroiditis by F.N.A.B. with multinodular goiter of long evolution. The patient was operated by total thyroidectomy and her final anatomopathologic result was papillary carcinoma diffuse sclerosing variant. During the surgical act several cervical nodes were detected and removed being informed the most of them as metastasic. A review of the literature at respect of this malignant neoplasm is performed.

Carcinoma adenoide quístico de lanringe-hipofaringe. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx-hypopharynx. A case report and review of the literature

La localización laríngea o hipofaríngea del carcinoma adenoide quístico es rara debido a la pobre distribución de las glándulas salivares accesorias en esta región. Presentamos un caso de esta neoplasia en dicha ubicación, con diagnóstico confirmado histológicamente, que requirió larínguectomía total con posteriores reintervenciones por hemorragia y fistula faríngea. Un año después de la cirugía y a pesar de la radioterapia postoperatoria se detectaron metástasis pulmonares múltiples que provocaron el éxitus del paciente. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura al respecto de esta variante tumoral cuyo pronóstico es mucho peor que el carcinoma epidermoide o escamoso

Laryngeal or hypopharyngeal localization of adenoid cystic carcinoma is rare due to the poor distribution of the accesory salivary glands in this area. We report one case of such neoplasm on that area, with its diagnosis confirmed histologically. The required a total laryngectomy with later reoperations because of hemorrhage and pharyngeal fistula. One year after the surgery and in spite of postoperative radiotherapy multiple pulmonary metastasis were detected causing the death of the patient. We review the literature of this tumor whose prognosis is much worse than epidermoid or scamous carcinoma

Carcinoma papilar esclerosante difuso simulando tiroiditis crónica linfocitaria. Una variante neoplásica inusual / Diffuse sclerosing papillary carcinoma mimicking chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. An unusual neoplasm variant

Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 39 años diagnosticada de tiroiditis crónica linfocitariamediante PAAF con bocio multinodular de larga evolución. La paciente fue sometida a tiroidectomía total y el informe final anatomopatológico fue de carcinoma papilar variante esclerosante difusa. Durante el acto quirúrgico se detectaron y extirparon varias adenopatías cervicales que resultaron metastásicas en su mayoría. Realizamos una revisión literaria en relación a este tipo de neoplasia maligna tiroidea

We report the clinical case of a 39 years old female diagnosed as a chronic lymphocytic tiroiditis by P.N.A.B. with multinodular goiter of long evolution. The patient was operated by total thyroidectomy and her final anatomopathologic result was papillary carcinoma diffuse sclerosing variant. During the surgical act several cervical nodes were detected and removed being informed the most ofthem as metastasic. A review of the literature at respect of this malignant neoplasm is performed

Amigdalitis aguda ulceronecrótica fusoespirilar de Plaut-Vincent asociada a mononucleosis infecciosa / Plaut-Vincent´s acute necrotizing ulcerative fusospirillum tonsillitis associated to infectious mononucleosis

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 14 años con faringoamigdalitis de repetición que habia sido diagnosticada e ingresada previamente por angina de Plaut-Vincent. Seis semanas después de su alta hospitalaria es atendida en Urgencias por cuadro de mononucleosis infecciosa asociado a una ulceración necrótica amigdalar unilateral de la que se tomó una muestra para estudio microbiológico hallándose el complejo fusoespirilar Borrelia vincenti y Fusobacterium necrophorum. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura al respecto de tal asociación y su tratamiento

We report the case of a 14 years old girl patient with recurrent tonsillit is who had been diagnosed and admitted previously with Plaut-Vincent's angina. Six weeks after leaving the hospital she was assited in Emergencies by an infectious mononucleosis associated to unilateral tonsillar necrotizing ulceration from which a sample was taken to microbiological exam finding the fusospirochaetal complex Borrelia vincenti and Fusobacterium necrophorum. A literature review at the respect of such association and its treatment is performed